Spectral analysis of $q$-deformed unitary ensembles with the Al-Salam–Carlitz weight

Abstract

We study $q$-deformed random unitary ensembles associated with the weight function of the Al-Salam–Carlitz orthogonal polynomials, indexed by a parameter $a<0$. In the special case $a=-1$, the model reduces to the $q$-deformed Gaussian unitary ensemble. Employing the Flajolet–Viennot theory together with the combinatorics of matchings, we derive an explicit positive-sum expression for the spectral moments. In the double-scaling regime $q=e^{-\lambda /N}$, where $N$ denotes the ensemble size and $\lambda >0$ is fixed, we derive the first two terms in the large-$N$ expansion of the spectral moments. As a consequence, we obtain a closed-form expression for the limiting spectral density. Notably, this density exhibits two successive phase transitions as $\lambda$ increases, characterised by a reduction in the number of soft edges from two, to one, and eventually to none. Furthermore, we show that the limiting density coincides with the limiting zero distribution of the Al-Salam–Carlitz orthogonal polynomials under the same scaling.